I expect you've seen this, Roger, but if not ...
US approves world’s first vaccine for declining honey bees
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-64180181
Thanks for that thought, David. I'd not spotted that and have read it with interest.
As a general point, some of the bee health issues are related to quality of "husbandry". Large scale operations can lead to large scale problems, as these bee farmers, though often very skilled, have to cut corners in terms of everyday husbandry and expect to lose a proportion of colonies as a result. A health problem in an apiary of 8 hives is a very different matter compared to a beekeeper with hundreds of hives. There are issues with medication, such as antibiotics, and the familiar concerns about impacts of agrochemicals.
Roger [YHM BTW]
e.g.
Antibiotics in hives and their effects on honey bee physiology and behavioral development
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7710009/ Â
RogerP
West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire
Everything taken together, here in Lincolnshire are more good things than man could have had the conscience to ask.
William Cobbett, in his Rural Rides - c.1830