On the face of it, we look to have one of the best combinations of pattern drivers since 2009/10 for a cold winter.
We're far enough after the last solar maximum to be free of the lagged +NAO forcing, the desending E QBO should be helpful at least by January, ENSO looks weak one way or the other, and low Arctic sea ice shows some interesting potential to mess with the polar vortex structure.
However, recent winters have shown us that the timing of shorter-timescale fluctuations, such as tropical MJO activity, tends to be the critical factor - and one we can't reliably anticipate more than a fortnight ahead, if even that.
Now in theory, with helpful pattern drivers in place all winter, there should be at least one good MJO (or other tropical wave) timing, right? Well, we never quite achieved that last winter, despite three MJO propagations, so nope, not neccesarily!
There's also the problem that an exceptionally disorganised polar vortex poses when it comes to achieving major stratospheric warming events and, if and when they happen, having the associated anomalies downwell to the troposphere.
As far as I've come to understand it, the most efficient transport of anomalous heat to the mid then upper stratosphere occurs when there's a single, large polar vortex, on the periphery of which is a 'surf zone' that aids the upward transport. So if you have a vortex that keeps stretching and splitting in the lower levels especially, as we've had in many recent winters, it takes a lot more effort from the troposphere to bring about a major SSW.
Now, as we saw last winter, this can be achieved - likely aided by the increased fluxes above the Arctic associated with all the extra open water compared to decades past - but when it happens with an already very disorganised polar vortex, the downwell process is interfered with by all sorts of inconsistencies in circulation that aren't present with an organised polar vortex. We're left with a 'patchy downwell' with relatively benign, patchy HLB resulting.
I think when it comes to major SSWs assaulting the polar vortex, the phrase 'the bigger they are, the harder they fall' applies very strongly.
With all this in mind, I'll find it encouraging if the polar vortex manages to become organised to a near-average extent sometime between late Oct and mid-Nov. Odds are that if it does, it will quickly come under fire from a lot of troposphere-stratosphere wave activity flux, giving rise to the potential for an early major SSW or, perhaps, the fabled 'Canadian Warming'.
There is an alternative route, which is to keep the lower vortex weak and disorganised to such an extreme extent that regional HLB is able to dominate the tropospheric pattern, but then we're relying on forcing from the tropics and oceanic SST patterns to anchor that HLB where we'd like it. It's more risky, and less likely to produce a really prolonged cold spell, but I wonder if a hostile lower stratosphere, related to the Arctic climate changes, might leave it us our only option most (or all...) winters when it comes to more than transient Nov-Dec cold+snow weather outbreaks.
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